Does antiretroviral therapy treats and prevents HIV/AIDS?

 

The recent state-of-the-art treatment modality for HIV/AIDS is HAART, where three or more antiretroviral drugs are given to patients at once. The drugs used in mixture are in most cases from different classes that work based on different devices. Despite the remarkable achievements with the current HAART treatment for HIV/AIDS, there are still several challenges remaining. The major difficulty has been the disappointment of the treatment, typically due to poor patient submission. Due to the need to take the medication daily for a lifetime, patients fail to stand by the treatment schedule, leading to ineffective drug levels in the body and recoil of viral replication.

Moreover, in some patients, the virus develops fighting to particular combinations of drugs even with good loyalty. Drug resistance is mainly caused by the high genetic range of HIV-1 and the continuous mutation it experiences. This problem is being addressed with personalized therapy, whereby resistance testing is performed to select a combination of drugs that is most operative for each patient . In addition, side effects due to toxicities of the drugs are also a alarm.

Under present-day treatment, complete eradication of the virus from the body has not been likely. The major cause for this is that the virus lives in ‘latent reservoirs’ within memory CD4⁺ T cells and cells of the macrophage–monocyte family . A major study recently establish that, in addition to acting as latent tanks, macrophages significantly contribute to the generation of elusive mutant viral genotypes by serving as the host for viral genetic recombination 

Nanotechnology in diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease

 

Nanotechnology could give another  way to deal with treat coronary conduit sickness (CAD) which is currently perhaps the greatest executioner in the Western world. The course of occasions, which prompts atherosclerosis and CAD, includes numerous organic variables and cell illness measures which might be moderated by helpful techniques improved by nanotechnology. Nanoparticles can give an assortment of conveyance frameworks for cargoes, for example, medications and qualities that can address numerous issues inside the supply routes. To improve the exhibition of current stents, nanotechnology gives distinctive nanomaterial coatings, in addition to controlled-discharge nanocarriers, to forestall in-stent restenosis. Nanotechnology can build the effectiveness of medications, improve nearby and orderly conveyance to atherosclerotic plaques and lessen the fiery or angiogenic reaction after intravascular intercession. Nanocarriers have potential for conveyance of imaging and indicative specialists to unequivocally focused on objections.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) which describes a disease action in which atherosclerotic plaque accumulates in the lining of coronary artery, producing a narrowing of the lumen of the artery, decreasing the compliance of the vessel wall suddenly causing a loss of blood supply to a portion of the myocardium. Angina or chest pain that can occur either after exercise or even at rest results, when blood supply to the heart muscle is restricted. Another major complications may occurs when a coronary thrombosis suddenly blocks the blood supply to the heart, precipitating a heart attack or a myocardial infarction. The common cause of this sudden thrombosis is the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque in a coronary artery.

Nanotechnology effectively increases the efficiency of drugs, improve local and systematic delivery to atherosclerotic plaques and reduce the inflammatory or angiogenic response after intravascular intervention. Nanocarriers have potential for conveyance of imaging and demonstrative specialists to unequivocally focused on objections.